Thursday, November 20, 2008

BS4 Education Assignments

Dear Students,
AOA, hope u will b fine. you may get description of your assignments
here. thanks.
click here http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=psPPMKgsoL0maeArsTl3OEw
With best wishes
Tariq Ghayyur
Department of Education
University of Sargodha

Sunday, September 28, 2008

Friday, September 19, 2008

Wednesday, September 17, 2008

MERIT LISTS

Dear applicants, B.ED AND MA SS MERIT LISTS
the first merit list is being displayed on 24/09/2008 and the final date for the submission of dues is 26/09/2008 at 12:00 P.M. No late comer applicant will be entertained after the final date and time. you can access first merit list from the following link. Your document is viewable at: http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=psPPMKgsoL0nKzera6yGxVg Thanks.
Tariq Ghayyur




You can access this file from the following link. Final and 3rd merit list is also updated.
please click here
http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=psPPMKgsoL0n0wC4FJdrVLA
Thanks
with best wishes
Tariq Ghayyur

Tuesday, August 5, 2008

Tuesday, May 20, 2008

Wednesday, April 30, 2008

Glossary of ICT related terms

A
Address Book: a listing of people and their email addresses associated with each Mail account.
AddressGuard: a feature of Yahoo! Mail Plus that allows you to create and use disposable email addresses.
Ascending order: from smallest to largest; for alphabetical sorting, from A to Z; for date sorting, from oldest to most recent.
Attachment: a separate file included as part of an email message, such as a multimedia or document file.
B
Base name:
the first part of your disposable address, which is common to all the addresses you create using AddressGuard.
Blocked address: an email address or domain from which you never want to receive messages.
Bulk folder: a permanent folder that SpamGuard or SpamGuard Plus uses to hold messages it identifies as spam.
C
Case-sensitive: lower and uppercase letters are not treated the same; for example, "a" is not the same as "A".
Category: a group of contacts in your Address Book. Categories let you send the same email to a group of people and let you organize information by groups.
Compose: to enter the text of an email message.
Compose page: the page in Yahoo! Mail where you address, write, and send email messages.
Condition: the part of a filter that defines what constitutes a matching message.
Contact: a person with whom you interact; someone to whom you might want to send an email or instant message.
D
Descending order:
from largest to smallest; for alphabetical sorting, from Z to A; for date sorting, from most recent to oldest.
Disposable email address: a customized email address that you create using AddressGuard to protect your regular Yahoo! Mail Plus address.
Domain: a set of Internet addresses, such as for a web site or email. On the Web, a domain is the part after "www." such as "my-domain.com".
Download: to transfer a file from a remote computer to your computer.
Draft: an unfinished version of an email message that you save in the Drafts folder to complete and send later.
E
Email address:
A contact's address that identifies an electronic location where email can be sent. An email address includes the contact's email name followed by the "@" followed by the contact's email domain, such as "person@domain.com".
Email domain: a set of Internet addresses, such as for a web site or email. In email addresses, a domain is the part after the "@", such as "my-domain.com".
External email account: an email account that uses a mail server other than the Yahoo! Mail server.
F
Filter:
a rule Yahoo! Mail uses to direct an incoming message to a particular folder.
Folder: a container in Yahoo! Mail that holds email messages.
Forward: (two uses in Yahoo! Mail) to send an email message that you receive on to someone else or to configure Yahoo! Mail to send all email messages that come into your Yahoo! Mail Plus account to another email address. (Available to Yahoo! Mail Plus users only.)
I
Inbox:
a folder where you receive incoming email.
J
Junk mail:
unsolicited email on the Internet; also called spam.
K
Keyword: the unique, second part of a disposable address you create using AddressGuard.
L
List: a feature in earlier versions of Address Book that let you send an email message to a set of contacts. Now you can send email to a category instead of a list.
M
Mail server:
an application that receives incoming email and forwards outgoing email for delivery. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server.
Mailing list: a group of contacts to whom you want to send the same email message. In Yahoo! Mail, a category includes mailing list capability.
Message header: the information used to deliver an email message, including the To, From, Date, and Subject fields.
Mobile device: a wireless communication device for exchanging voice, text, and/or graphic information; includes pagers, mobile phones, web phones, pagers, two-way pagers, PDAs, and Internet appliances.
N
Nickname: a shortcut to a person's email address.
P
PC-to-PC calling: the ability to call another person's computer from your computer; similar to placing a phone call. Both you and the person you are calling must have a Yahoo! ID and be logged into Yahoo! Messenger.
Permanent folder: a mail folder that's automatically created in a Yahoo! Mail account and can't be deleted.
Personal folder: a mail folder that you create.
PIM: a personal information management tool, such as your Yahoo! Address book, the Palm Pilot, and Microsoft Outlook.
POP3: Post Office Protocol 3, a standard client/server protocol for receiving email in which a mail server receives and holds email messages for you.
R
Reply: to respond to an email message you received.
S
Scan
: the process of checking files to see if they contain known viruses.
Shortcut: underlined text in an email message that lets you act on the text. For example, you can click a phone number and add it to your Yahoo! Address Book or click a physical address and view a map of its location.
Snippet: a few lines of text from the body of an email message, displayed in search results.
Spam: unsolicited email on the Internet; also called junk mail.
Spammer: someone who sends spam.
Synchronize: to cause items in multiple locations to match exactly.
T
Text messaging:
a feature that lets you receive text messages on a mobile device.
Thumbnail: a small version of an image, often linked to a larger version.
Training history: the information that SpamGuard Plus collects about the messages that a user considers spam and not spam.
Trash folder: the folder into which Yahoo! Mail moves all deleted email messages.
V
Virus: a computer program that attaches itself to other programs and causes harm to computer software, data, and/or hardware, often undetected until it is too late.
W
Web-based mail client:
a program (usually a web site) that any computer with an Internet connection and a web browser can use to access the mail server.
XYZ
Yahoo! Briefcase: a tool that lets you store files online and then access them from anywhere using a browser.
Yahoo! ID: the name by which a person is known to all Yahoo! networks.
Yahoo! Mail Plus: a fee-based, advertisement-free version of Yahoo! Mail that provides additional online protection features, control, and storage.
Yahoo! Messenger: a web-based tool that lets you communicate using your voice, text, or other means with one or more people over the Internet in real time (instantly); text-based messages are sometimes referred to as "instant messenger" or "IM".
Yahoo! Toolbar: a free, customizable toolbar that lets you use your favorite Yahoo! features from handy buttons on your browser.

Tuesday, April 15, 2008

What is ICT

What is ICT?
􀂄 Information and Communications Technology
􀂄 A broad field that includes
􀂄 Computers
􀂄 Software
􀂄 Communications
􀂄 Services
Short History of ICT
􀂄 1875 – invention of the telephone
􀂄 1910s – AM radio broadcast
􀂄 1940s – TV broadcasting, wireless communications
􀂄 1943 – first electronic computer
􀂄 1970s – invention of the microprocessor, fiber-optics
􀂄 1980s – cellular communications
􀂄 1990s –Internet
Multimedia
􀂄 Made possible by digital technology
􀂄 Can store, process, manipulate and combine digital data
􀂄 Data can be:
􀂄 Pictures
􀂄 Videos
􀂄 Audio
􀂄 Actual data
Internet
􀂄 A network of networks
􀂄 A global set of connections of computers that enables the exchange of data, news and opinion
􀂄 A platform for:
􀂄 New ways of doing business
􀂄 Better way for governments to deliver public services
􀂄 Enabler for lifelong learning
Explosive Growth of the Internet
Number of years to reach 50 million users:
􀂄 Radio - 38 years
􀂄 Television - 13 years
􀂄 PC - 16 years
􀂄 Internet – 4 years
But less than 10% of the global population is online.

What is E-Commerce?
The ICT revolution has transformed not only how (and where) goods are produced but also how commodities are exchanged. E-commerce is buying and selling over the Internet or any transaction concluded through an information network involving the transfer of ownership
or rights to use goods or services. More precisely, it includes all business transactions that use electronic communications and digital information processing technology to create, transform and redefine relationships for value creation between organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
* The Information Age, e-Primers for the Information Economy, Society and Polity.
Types of E-Commerce
􀂄 business-to-business (B2B);
􀂄 business-to-consumer (B2C);
􀂄 business-to-government (B2G);
􀂄 consumer-to-consumer (C2C);and
􀂄 mobile commerce (m-commerce).
Main Segments of the ICT Sector
􀂄 Hardware industries
􀂄 Communications equipment production
􀂄 Software and other services industries
􀂄 Communication services industries
ICT Hardware Industries
ICT hardware industries, including production of computers and equipment, magnetic and optical recording media, electron tubes, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, passive electronic components, industrial instruments for measurement, instruments for measuring electricity, laboratory analytical instruments and calculating and office machines, as well as wholesale and retail trade in computers and equipment.
Communications Equipment
Communications equipment production, including production of household audio and video equipment, telephone and telegraph equipment, and radio and TV communications equipment.
Software and Other Services Industries
Software and other services industries, including software development and engineering, prepackaged software, wholesale and retail software trade, computer-integrated system design, computer processing, data preparation, information retrieval services, computer services management, computer sales, rental and leasing, computer maintenance and repair and other computer related services.
Communication Services
Communication services industries including networks and security, system administration and support, database development and administration, user support and help desk, graphics and multimedia, instruction and training, hardware engineering, smart cards, telephone and telegraph communications.
Growth Impact of the ICT Revolution
􀂄 exceptionally sharp fall in the relative prices of goods
􀂄 Diffusion of ICT is occurring more quickly in developing economies than previous technologies
ICT and E-commerce can boost economic growth through…
􀂄 increasing productivity in the ICT producing sector itself through large scale manufacture of more powerful ICT equipment with little increase in inputs
􀂄 Increasing productivity from ICT through growing investment in ICT capital goods
􀂄 increasing productivity in ICT using industries due to increasing returns from ICT use, spillovers from network economies, availability of timely information to manage complex production chains, more efficient distribution systems, effective management of risks, lower search and transactions costs, and enabling firms to exchange and access more information
Implications to a Country
􀂄 National Development
􀂄 Industrialization
􀂄 Economic
􀂄 Social
􀂄 Political
􀂄 Technological
􀂄 International Relations
􀂄 ICT is not an end in itself
􀂄 It is a tool to empower people and communities to
􀂄 become self-sufficient in meeting their basic needs
􀂄 Help people reach their full potential
􀂄 Access to information – critical for change and empowerment
Advantage of ICT
􀂄 Access to information for private and professional decision making: ICTs expand the range of choices and opportunities by facilitating greater access to economic, educational and development related information
􀂄 Geography and distance become less of a consideration with ICTs. Research is much easier with ICTs and the Internet especially
􀂄 Access to opportunities: ICTs empower individuals, businesses and especially SMEs, local and community groups, women and marginalized or disenfranchised people or groups to do what they do, only better. With ICTs and the capacity to use ICTs, these groups can access the same information that government and large corporations use. Access to information can contribute to
leveling the playing field by increasing participation in economic and human development activities and in those applications that depend on information such as markets
􀂄 Greater ability to learn: distance learning
􀂄 Greater environmental awareness: information about the weather and the environment in general is more readily available. This information can help to predict and prepare or environmental perturbations and catastrophes.
􀂄 More awareness of factors affecting individual well being
􀂄 Greater ability to influence and participate in decision making
􀂄 Transaction processing: ICTs speed up and ease transactions of all types, and are especially important for business and government transactions
􀂄 Trade: ICTs enhance and facilitate trade. ICTs make markets more efficient. Commerce is enabled and extended. All markets have the potential of being international or of being selective, depending on the case
Emergence of New Activities
􀂄 Online outsourcing of services
􀂄 Production of different types of ICT goods
These activities enable countries, including developing ones, to diversify their economies, enhance their export competitiveness and produce high value- added services that boost the local economy.
Impact on Firms and Industries
􀂄 increased information flows, which result in knowledge transfer as well as improved organization.
􀂄 In particular, ICT have become important tools for improving productive capacity and increasing international competitiveness by
􀂄 reducing the transaction costs involved in the production and exchange of goods and services,
􀂄 increasing the efficiency of management functions, and
􀂄 enabling firms to exchange and access more information.
􀂄 ICT cannot substitute for human intervention, for example, in the creation of business relationships
Telecommunication:
‘Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems’
- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution
ICT
Internet
Technologies
Telecommunication
IT-Computers
Broadcasting
Regulations
Policies
Administration
Why ICT Is So Important, Today ?
􀀹Beauty of ICT is various applications and opportunities for “socioeconomic development”.
􀀹But, such various ICT applications and opportunities won’t be able to be achieved without reliable and affordable ICT infrastructure – I.e., access to the ICT.

What is ‘access’ to ICT?
Access to ICT means the making available of facilities/and or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers, inter alia;
• Access to network elements and associated facilities and services, • Access to physical infrastructure, software systems
• Access to number translation systems,
• Access to mobile networks, for roaming • Access to conditional access systems for digital television services &
• Access to Internet
Universal access
Universal access relates to the number of people in a country covered by information and communication technologies, to which end the necessary infrastructure is required for the provision of the various services which constitute these new technologies. Universal access may be guaranteed in various ways, one being through public Internet access centers.
Public Internet access center
Definition
A public Internet access centre (PIAC) is a site, location, center of instruction at which Internet access is made available to the public, on a full-time or part-time basis. This may include digital community centers, Internet cafés, libraries, education centers and other similar establishments, whenever they offer Internet access to the general public. All such centers should have at least one public computer for Internet access.
.
INDICATORS
Number of localities with PIACs
This is the number of localities with PIACs. This indicator should be given by number or range of inhabitants. Also, governmental and private PIACs should be identified, with both absolute and relative values.
Users
Whereas the number of households with access to ICTs and ICT coverage reveal the number of potential users of the technologies, we have to count the actual number of users.
Number of Internet users through PIACs
This is the number of people who use the Internet from PIACs, taking into account the technical records used in the different surveys. The data should at least show the age of the users and the frequency with which they use the service, for better international comparison.

Despite the wide range of benefits that can be brought about by ICT, the development and adoption of ICT by developing countries have so far been limited. Reasons for this have been amply documented. They include:
􀂄 Lack of awareness of what ICT could offer,
􀂄 Insufficient telecommunications infrastructure and Internet connectivity,
􀂄 Expensive Internet access,
􀂄 Low income levels
􀂄 Absence of adequate legal and regulatory frameworks,
􀂄 Shortage of requisite human capacity,
􀂄 Low literacy rates
􀂄 Failure to use local language and content
􀂄 Lack of entrepreneurship and a business culture open to change,
􀂄 Transparency and democracy;
􀂄 Lack of payment systems that can support online transactions
􀂄 Cultural resistance to online trade
E-business and E-market place
• High end application of ICT
– E Commerce = the application of transactions through electronic means
– E-business = the application of ICT as a fully integrated business tool in all facets of Porters’ business model.
– E market place = An Internet system maintained by a company or a consortium that allows individuals or companies to offer products and services or make bids to buy products or services.
Obstacles to ICT deployment
• Low awareness and skill in ICT.
– Leads to low priority.
• Limited investment power.
• Running costs (incl. telecoms and VAT)
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Regulatory environment
– Import/export regulations
– Exchange rates
– Tax
– In transparency, inconsistency, graft
What Can Government/We Do?
To stimulate ICT deployment:
• Stimulate formal and informal learning
– Increase ICT literacy and professionalism
• Stimulate professional learning
– Encourage international certification.
• Increase awareness and use of ICT in (State Owned) Enterprises.
• Incentives for IT investment.
– On business level
– On citizen level
PREREQUISITES
• Institution Administrator’s mindset
– E-Commerce must provide competitive edge and lead to increased profits.
– Company must understand importance of a trustworthy reputation.
– Company must be aware of the resources required to implement E-Commerce.
• Parent/student mindset
– Needs to trust the Institution.
– Needs to trust the technology.
– Needs to trust the delivery and payment procedure.
– Needs to trust the product or service.
– Needs to trust business processes in the country
Attributes of information
• Dissemination of information should be
– On Time
– Accurately
– Complete
– Relevant
– Up to Date
– Easy to digest
– Easy to find
– Variety of media


Tuesday, February 26, 2008

B.Ed Computer MCQs

COMPUTER MCQ’S
1. Which one of the following is not used for launching office XP?
a. the start menu b. windows desktop
c. run d. my computer
Ans. d
2. Which one of the following is the shortcut for Font?
a. Ctrl + D b. Ctrl + L
c. Ctrl + F d. Ctrl + W
Ans. a
3. Which one of the following is the right shortcut for new document in MS Office?
a. Alt + N b. Alt + Ctrl + N
c. Ctrl + N d. Alt + Shift + N
Ans. c
4. Which one of the following is the right shortcut for closing document in MS Office?
a. Shift + W b. Ctrl + W
c. Shift + Ctrl + W d. Shift + Alt + W
Ans. b
5. Which one of the following is the most powerful and expensive computer?
a. Mainframe b. Super Computer
c. Minicomputer d. Workstation
Ans. b
6. The number of peripherals attached to a computer is greater that all of the other computers.
a. Minicomputer b. Mainframe
c. Workstation d. Super Computer
Ans. d
7. Mainframe and Minicomputer can process data at the speed of several
a. MIPS b. BIPS
c. TIPs d. None
Ans. c
8. Computer which are made of integrated circuits
a. Digital b. Analog
c. Mechanical d. All of the above
Ans. a
9. Binary system is comprised of the values 1 & 0, 0 means
a. On b. Off
c. Start d. Low
Ans. b
10. Digital computer consumes electric power as compare to analog computer.
a. Equal b. More
c. Less d. Alike
Ans. c
11. Computers that are used to measure quantities, which change continuously such as heat, speed and temperature are
a. Digital Computer b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer d. Portable Computer
Ans. b
12. Results of analog computers are reliable
a. less b. more
c. equally d. maximum
Ans. a
13. The speed of analog computer is than digital computer
a. lesser b. faster
c. same d. shortening
Ans. b
14. Analog computer are to operate
a. easy b. similar
c. difficult d. comfortable
Ans. c
15. Computes are becoming very important because of
a. high speed and accuracy b. versatility and automation
c. extensive memory and reliability d. all of the above
Ans. c
16. Computers observe some limitations as they have no
a. intelligence and feeling b. flexibility and emotions
c. easy portability and ethics d. all of the above
Ans. d
17. Computers can provide
a. logical decision and latest information b. solutions of problems and quality control
c. industrial and educational development d. all of the above
Ans. a
18. Computes can provide
a. entertainment and edutainment b. games and programs
c. Communication and transmission d. all of the above
Ans. a
19. Tangible or touchable parts of the compute are called
a. software b. hardware
c. system d. application
Ans. b
20. Intangible or untouchable parts of the compute are called
a. software b. hardware
c. system d. application
Ans. a
21. Devices which facilitates us to communicate with other computer system
a. Input Devices b. Output Devices
c. Communication Devices d. Storage Devices
Ans.
22. CPU stands for
a. Central Particular Unit b. Central Performing Unit
c. Central Processing Unit d. Central Procedural Unit
Ans. c
23. the brain of the compute is
a. Motherboard b. RAM
c. ROM d. CPU
Ans. d
24. the devices used to display the results of processing
a. Motherboard b. RAM
c. ROM d. Monitor
Ans. d
25. The devices used to store permanently all types of software, data, …
a. Hard Disk b. RAM
c. ROM d. Monitor
Ans. a
26. Moving the pointer of the mouse to position over an icon or any part of the screen is known as
a. pointing b. clicking
c. dragging d. double clicking
Ans. a
27. pressing and quickly releasing the left button of the mouse is called
a. Double Click b. Right Click
c. Up Click d. Left Click
Ans. d
28. pressing and quickly releasing the left button of the mouse for two times is called
a. Double Click b. Right Click
c. Up Click d. Left Click
Ans. a
29. pressing and quickly releasing the right button of the mouse is called
a. left click b. right click
c. drag d. drop
Ans. b

30. A device consisting of a vertical handle fixed on a base and having appearance like the gear of a car
a. track ball b. joy stick
c. track ball d. light pen
Ans. b
31. soft copy has the characteristics that it can be
a. touched b. viewed only
c. touched and viewed d. none
Ans. b
32. Monitor is known as
a. display unit b. memory unit
c. bound unit d. processing unit
Ans. a
33. the size of monitor is measured
a. vertically b. horizontally
c. diagonally d. all of the above
Ans. a
34. CRT stands for
a. Cathode Ray tube b. Cathodic ray tube
c. cathode ray tub d. Cathodic ray tub
Ans. a
35. LCD stands for
a. Lined Cross Dimension b. Liquid Crystal Display
c. Limited Cray Display d. Level Crystal Display
Ans. b

Wednesday, January 30, 2008

Solution to Objective Type Paper

Dear Students,
AOA, Please find solution of objective type paper.
Please send me E-mail or discuss with me in my room if you feel some reservations. Thanks. Wishing you all the best. Take Care.
1. Which one of the following management approach assumes that people are rational?
a. Scientific Management b. General Administrative
c. Bureaucratic d. All of the above

Ans. d. All of the above

2. General Administrative Theory was presented by
a. Fredrick Tylor b. Max Weber
c. Frank & Lillian Gilbreth d. Henri Fayol
Ans. d. Henri Fayol


3. Which of the following worked on Motion Study?
a. Henri Fayol b. Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
c. Robert Owen d. Elton Mayo
Ans.b. Frank & Lillian Gilbreth


4. Which one of the following approach assumes that people are social & self actualizing?
a. Bureaucratic b. Behavioral
c. Quantitative d. Contingency
Ans.b. Behavioral


5. Which one of the following management functions ensures things happen according to plan and take corrective actions.
a. Planning b. Organizing
c. Coordinating d. Controlling
Ans.d. Controlling


6. Which one of the following management approach focused on implementing formal rules and procedures?
a. Scientific Management b. General Administrative Theory
c. Bureaucratic d. Behavioral
Ans.c. Bureaucratic


7. Mathematical techniques can be used to improve management skills in decision making and solving problems" is assumption of
a. System Approach b. Contingency Approach
b. Quantitative Approach d. Contemporary Approach
Ans.b. Quantitative Approach


8. The definition of management does not describe anything about
a. Division of labour b. Short term and long term plans
c. Decision Making d. Influencing other people
Ans.c. Decision Making


9. Saving time and const in work activity is related to one of the following
a. Speediness b. Effectiveness
c. Efficiency d. Effectiveness & Efficiency
Ans.c. Efficiency


10. Defining and establishing plans, procedures, rules and policies for organization is the function of
a. Top Managers b. Middle Managers
c. First line Managers d. All of the above
Ans.a. Top Managers


11. Which one of the following management role involves receiving, collecting & disseminating information.
a. Interpersonal role b. Informational role
c. Decisional role d. Procedural role
Ans.b. Informational role


12. In French Language "Union is strength" refers as
a. de esprit corps b. espri corps de
c. corps de esprit d. esprit de corps
Ans. d. esprit de corps


13. The function of management, which is the most important among four functions of management
a. Planning b. Organizing
c. Leading d. Controlling
Ans. d. Controlling


14. Which one is not the purpose behind in the construction of great China Wall?
a. To make territories clear b. to protect the Silk Road
c. To defend the area d. to build wonder of world
Ans.to build wonder of world


15. Organizations are individually different, face different situations and require different ways of managing is the assumption of
a. General Administrative Theory b. Contingency Approach
c Systems Approach d. Quantitative Approach

Ans. b. Contingency Approach

Mid-Term Result M.Ed

Dear Students,
Please find your mid-term result on this page for the subject of Educational Planning and management.
Mid-Term Result
Class M.Ed
Educational Planning & Management
Sr. Roll No. Objective/15 Subjective/15 Total Obt. Marks/30
1 401 8 11 19
2 403 6 11.5 17.5
3 405 8 12.5 20.5
4 406 8 10.5 18.5
5 407 11 12 23
6 408 12 14 26
7 409 9 9.5 18.5
8 410 8 11.5 19.5
9 412 11 13 24
10 413 8 9.5 17.5
11 414 11 12 23
12 417 9 12 21
13 420 10 11.5 21.5

Monday, January 28, 2008

Define Education, Planning, Management and Functions of Management

Educational Planning & Management
Define Education?
1) Developing the capacities and potential of the individual so as to prepare that individual to be successful in a specific society or culture. From this perspective, education is serving primarily an individual development function.
2) The process by which society transmits to new members the values, beliefs, knowledge, and symbolic expressions to make communication possible within society. In this sense, education is serving a social and cultural function.
http://www.actden.com/pp/unit4/4_main.htm
What Is Planning?
Planning
Ø A primary managerial activity that involves:
v Defining the organization’s goals
v Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals
v Developing plans for organizational work activities.
Ø Types of planning
v Informal: not written down, short-term focus; specific to an organizational unit.
v Formal: written, specific, and long-term focus, involves shared goals for the organization.
Why Do Managers Plan?
Purposes of Planning
Ø Provides direction
Ø Reduces uncertainty
Ø Minimizes waste and redundancy
Ø Sets the standards for controlling
Define Management
The process of coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficiently & effectively with and through other people.
Management is also defined as management is a process of planning, organizing, leading & controlling all activities of the organization in pursuit of pre-defined objectives.
Efficiency
Getting the most out put from the least amount of input. Refers to as "doing the thing right".
Effectiveness
Completing activities so that organizational goals are attained: referred to as " getting the right thing."
Manager
Manager is someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities, in order to accomplish organizational goals.
First Line Mangers
Management at lowest level or organizational who manage the work of non-managerial employees who are involved with the production or creation of the organization’s products.
Middle Mangers
Managers between the first-line level and top level of the organizational who manage the work of first-line managers.
Top Managers
Managers at or near the top level of the organization who responsible for making organization-wide decision and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.
Management Functions
Planning
It involves the process of defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving these goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.
Organizing
It involves the process of determining what tasks are to be done. Who is to do them? How the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made.
Leading
It involves motivating subordinates, influencing individuals or teams as they work. Selecting the most effective communication channel.
Controlling
It involves monitoring actual performance, comparing it to standard and taking actions if necessary.