A
Address Book: a listing of people and their email addresses associated with each Mail account.
AddressGuard: a feature of Yahoo! Mail Plus that allows you to create and use disposable email addresses.
Ascending order: from smallest to largest; for alphabetical sorting, from A to Z; for date sorting, from oldest to most recent.
Attachment: a separate file included as part of an email message, such as a multimedia or document file.
B
Base name: the first part of your disposable address, which is common to all the addresses you create using AddressGuard.
Blocked address: an email address or domain from which you never want to receive messages.
Bulk folder: a permanent folder that SpamGuard or SpamGuard Plus uses to hold messages it identifies as spam.
C
Case-sensitive: lower and uppercase letters are not treated the same; for example, "a" is not the same as "A".
Category: a group of contacts in your Address Book. Categories let you send the same email to a group of people and let you organize information by groups.
Compose: to enter the text of an email message.
Compose page: the page in Yahoo! Mail where you address, write, and send email messages.
Condition: the part of a filter that defines what constitutes a matching message.
Contact: a person with whom you interact; someone to whom you might want to send an email or instant message.
D
Descending order: from largest to smallest; for alphabetical sorting, from Z to A; for date sorting, from most recent to oldest.
Disposable email address: a customized email address that you create using AddressGuard to protect your regular Yahoo! Mail Plus address.
Domain: a set of Internet addresses, such as for a web site or email. On the Web, a domain is the part after "www." such as "my-domain.com".
Download: to transfer a file from a remote computer to your computer.
Draft: an unfinished version of an email message that you save in the Drafts folder to complete and send later.
E
Email address: A contact's address that identifies an electronic location where email can be sent. An email address includes the contact's email name followed by the "@" followed by the contact's email domain, such as "person@domain.com".
Email domain: a set of Internet addresses, such as for a web site or email. In email addresses, a domain is the part after the "@", such as "my-domain.com".
External email account: an email account that uses a mail server other than the Yahoo! Mail server.
F
Filter: a rule Yahoo! Mail uses to direct an incoming message to a particular folder.
Folder: a container in Yahoo! Mail that holds email messages.
Forward: (two uses in Yahoo! Mail) to send an email message that you receive on to someone else or to configure Yahoo! Mail to send all email messages that come into your Yahoo! Mail Plus account to another email address. (Available to Yahoo! Mail Plus users only.)
I
Inbox: a folder where you receive incoming email.
J
Junk mail: unsolicited email on the Internet; also called spam.
K
Keyword: the unique, second part of a disposable address you create using AddressGuard.
L
List: a feature in earlier versions of Address Book that let you send an email message to a set of contacts. Now you can send email to a category instead of a list.
M
Mail server: an application that receives incoming email and forwards outgoing email for delivery. A computer dedicated to running such applications is also called a mail server.
Mailing list: a group of contacts to whom you want to send the same email message. In Yahoo! Mail, a category includes mailing list capability.
Message header: the information used to deliver an email message, including the To, From, Date, and Subject fields.
Mobile device: a wireless communication device for exchanging voice, text, and/or graphic information; includes pagers, mobile phones, web phones, pagers, two-way pagers, PDAs, and Internet appliances.
N
Nickname: a shortcut to a person's email address.
P
PC-to-PC calling: the ability to call another person's computer from your computer; similar to placing a phone call. Both you and the person you are calling must have a Yahoo! ID and be logged into Yahoo! Messenger.
Permanent folder: a mail folder that's automatically created in a Yahoo! Mail account and can't be deleted.
Personal folder: a mail folder that you create.
PIM: a personal information management tool, such as your Yahoo! Address book, the Palm Pilot, and Microsoft Outlook.
POP3: Post Office Protocol 3, a standard client/server protocol for receiving email in which a mail server receives and holds email messages for you.
R
Reply: to respond to an email message you received.
S
Scan: the process of checking files to see if they contain known viruses.
Shortcut: underlined text in an email message that lets you act on the text. For example, you can click a phone number and add it to your Yahoo! Address Book or click a physical address and view a map of its location.
Snippet: a few lines of text from the body of an email message, displayed in search results.
Spam: unsolicited email on the Internet; also called junk mail.
Spammer: someone who sends spam.
Synchronize: to cause items in multiple locations to match exactly.
T
Text messaging: a feature that lets you receive text messages on a mobile device.
Thumbnail: a small version of an image, often linked to a larger version.
Training history: the information that SpamGuard Plus collects about the messages that a user considers spam and not spam.
Trash folder: the folder into which Yahoo! Mail moves all deleted email messages.
V
Virus: a computer program that attaches itself to other programs and causes harm to computer software, data, and/or hardware, often undetected until it is too late.
W
Web-based mail client: a program (usually a web site) that any computer with an Internet connection and a web browser can use to access the mail server.
XYZ
Yahoo! Briefcase: a tool that lets you store files online and then access them from anywhere using a browser.
Yahoo! ID: the name by which a person is known to all Yahoo! networks.
Yahoo! Mail Plus: a fee-based, advertisement-free version of Yahoo! Mail that provides additional online protection features, control, and storage.
Yahoo! Messenger: a web-based tool that lets you communicate using your voice, text, or other means with one or more people over the Internet in real time (instantly); text-based messages are sometimes referred to as "instant messenger" or "IM".
Yahoo! Toolbar: a free, customizable toolbar that lets you use your favorite Yahoo! features from handy buttons on your browser.
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
Tuesday, April 15, 2008
What is ICT
What is ICT?
Information and Communications Technology
A broad field that includes
Computers
Software
Communications
Services
Short History of ICT
1875 – invention of the telephone
1910s – AM radio broadcast
1940s – TV broadcasting, wireless communications
1943 – first electronic computer
1970s – invention of the microprocessor, fiber-optics
1980s – cellular communications
1990s –Internet
Multimedia
Made possible by digital technology
Can store, process, manipulate and combine digital data
Data can be:
Pictures
Videos
Audio
Actual data
Internet
A network of networks
A global set of connections of computers that enables the exchange of data, news and opinion
A platform for:
New ways of doing business
Better way for governments to deliver public services
Enabler for lifelong learning
Explosive Growth of the Internet
Number of years to reach 50 million users:
Radio - 38 years
Television - 13 years
PC - 16 years
Internet – 4 years
But less than 10% of the global population is online.
What is E-Commerce?
The ICT revolution has transformed not only how (and where) goods are produced but also how commodities are exchanged. E-commerce is buying and selling over the Internet or any transaction concluded through an information network involving the transfer of ownership
or rights to use goods or services. More precisely, it includes all business transactions that use electronic communications and digital information processing technology to create, transform and redefine relationships for value creation between organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
* The Information Age, e-Primers for the Information Economy, Society and Polity.
Types of E-Commerce
business-to-business (B2B);
business-to-consumer (B2C);
business-to-government (B2G);
consumer-to-consumer (C2C);and
mobile commerce (m-commerce).
Main Segments of the ICT Sector
Hardware industries
Communications equipment production
Software and other services industries
Communication services industries
ICT Hardware Industries
ICT hardware industries, including production of computers and equipment, magnetic and optical recording media, electron tubes, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, passive electronic components, industrial instruments for measurement, instruments for measuring electricity, laboratory analytical instruments and calculating and office machines, as well as wholesale and retail trade in computers and equipment.
Communications Equipment
Communications equipment production, including production of household audio and video equipment, telephone and telegraph equipment, and radio and TV communications equipment.
Software and Other Services Industries
Software and other services industries, including software development and engineering, prepackaged software, wholesale and retail software trade, computer-integrated system design, computer processing, data preparation, information retrieval services, computer services management, computer sales, rental and leasing, computer maintenance and repair and other computer related services.
Communication Services
Communication services industries including networks and security, system administration and support, database development and administration, user support and help desk, graphics and multimedia, instruction and training, hardware engineering, smart cards, telephone and telegraph communications.
Growth Impact of the ICT Revolution
exceptionally sharp fall in the relative prices of goods
Diffusion of ICT is occurring more quickly in developing economies than previous technologies
ICT and E-commerce can boost economic growth through…
increasing productivity in the ICT producing sector itself through large scale manufacture of more powerful ICT equipment with little increase in inputs
Increasing productivity from ICT through growing investment in ICT capital goods
increasing productivity in ICT using industries due to increasing returns from ICT use, spillovers from network economies, availability of timely information to manage complex production chains, more efficient distribution systems, effective management of risks, lower search and transactions costs, and enabling firms to exchange and access more information
Implications to a Country
National Development
Industrialization
Economic
Social
Political
Technological
International Relations
ICT is not an end in itself
It is a tool to empower people and communities to
become self-sufficient in meeting their basic needs
Help people reach their full potential
Access to information – critical for change and empowerment
Advantage of ICT
Access to information for private and professional decision making: ICTs expand the range of choices and opportunities by facilitating greater access to economic, educational and development related information
Geography and distance become less of a consideration with ICTs. Research is much easier with ICTs and the Internet especially
Access to opportunities: ICTs empower individuals, businesses and especially SMEs, local and community groups, women and marginalized or disenfranchised people or groups to do what they do, only better. With ICTs and the capacity to use ICTs, these groups can access the same information that government and large corporations use. Access to information can contribute to
leveling the playing field by increasing participation in economic and human development activities and in those applications that depend on information such as markets
Greater ability to learn: distance learning
Greater environmental awareness: information about the weather and the environment in general is more readily available. This information can help to predict and prepare or environmental perturbations and catastrophes.
More awareness of factors affecting individual well being
Greater ability to influence and participate in decision making
Transaction processing: ICTs speed up and ease transactions of all types, and are especially important for business and government transactions
Trade: ICTs enhance and facilitate trade. ICTs make markets more efficient. Commerce is enabled and extended. All markets have the potential of being international or of being selective, depending on the case
Emergence of New Activities
Online outsourcing of services
Production of different types of ICT goods
These activities enable countries, including developing ones, to diversify their economies, enhance their export competitiveness and produce high value- added services that boost the local economy.
Impact on Firms and Industries
increased information flows, which result in knowledge transfer as well as improved organization.
In particular, ICT have become important tools for improving productive capacity and increasing international competitiveness by
reducing the transaction costs involved in the production and exchange of goods and services,
increasing the efficiency of management functions, and
enabling firms to exchange and access more information.
ICT cannot substitute for human intervention, for example, in the creation of business relationships
Telecommunication:
‘Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems’
- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution
ICT
Internet
Technologies
Telecommunication
IT-Computers
Broadcasting
Regulations
Policies
Administration
Why ICT Is So Important, Today ?
Beauty of ICT is various applications and opportunities for “socioeconomic development”.
But, such various ICT applications and opportunities won’t be able to be achieved without reliable and affordable ICT infrastructure – I.e., access to the ICT.
What is ‘access’ to ICT?
Access to ICT means the making available of facilities/and or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers, inter alia;
• Access to network elements and associated facilities and services, • Access to physical infrastructure, software systems
• Access to number translation systems,
• Access to mobile networks, for roaming • Access to conditional access systems for digital television services &
• Access to Internet
Universal access
Universal access relates to the number of people in a country covered by information and communication technologies, to which end the necessary infrastructure is required for the provision of the various services which constitute these new technologies. Universal access may be guaranteed in various ways, one being through public Internet access centers.
Public Internet access center
Definition
A public Internet access centre (PIAC) is a site, location, center of instruction at which Internet access is made available to the public, on a full-time or part-time basis. This may include digital community centers, Internet cafés, libraries, education centers and other similar establishments, whenever they offer Internet access to the general public. All such centers should have at least one public computer for Internet access.
.
INDICATORS
Number of localities with PIACs
This is the number of localities with PIACs. This indicator should be given by number or range of inhabitants. Also, governmental and private PIACs should be identified, with both absolute and relative values.
Users
Whereas the number of households with access to ICTs and ICT coverage reveal the number of potential users of the technologies, we have to count the actual number of users.
Number of Internet users through PIACs
This is the number of people who use the Internet from PIACs, taking into account the technical records used in the different surveys. The data should at least show the age of the users and the frequency with which they use the service, for better international comparison.
Despite the wide range of benefits that can be brought about by ICT, the development and adoption of ICT by developing countries have so far been limited. Reasons for this have been amply documented. They include:
Lack of awareness of what ICT could offer,
Insufficient telecommunications infrastructure and Internet connectivity,
Expensive Internet access,
Low income levels
Absence of adequate legal and regulatory frameworks,
Shortage of requisite human capacity,
Low literacy rates
Failure to use local language and content
Lack of entrepreneurship and a business culture open to change,
Transparency and democracy;
Lack of payment systems that can support online transactions
Cultural resistance to online trade
E-business and E-market place
• High end application of ICT
– E Commerce = the application of transactions through electronic means
– E-business = the application of ICT as a fully integrated business tool in all facets of Porters’ business model.
– E market place = An Internet system maintained by a company or a consortium that allows individuals or companies to offer products and services or make bids to buy products or services.
Obstacles to ICT deployment
Information and Communications Technology
A broad field that includes
Computers
Software
Communications
Services
Short History of ICT
1875 – invention of the telephone
1910s – AM radio broadcast
1940s – TV broadcasting, wireless communications
1943 – first electronic computer
1970s – invention of the microprocessor, fiber-optics
1980s – cellular communications
1990s –Internet
Multimedia
Made possible by digital technology
Can store, process, manipulate and combine digital data
Data can be:
Pictures
Videos
Audio
Actual data
Internet
A network of networks
A global set of connections of computers that enables the exchange of data, news and opinion
A platform for:
New ways of doing business
Better way for governments to deliver public services
Enabler for lifelong learning
Explosive Growth of the Internet
Number of years to reach 50 million users:
Radio - 38 years
Television - 13 years
PC - 16 years
Internet – 4 years
But less than 10% of the global population is online.
What is E-Commerce?
The ICT revolution has transformed not only how (and where) goods are produced but also how commodities are exchanged. E-commerce is buying and selling over the Internet or any transaction concluded through an information network involving the transfer of ownership
or rights to use goods or services. More precisely, it includes all business transactions that use electronic communications and digital information processing technology to create, transform and redefine relationships for value creation between organizations, and between organizations and individuals.
* The Information Age, e-Primers for the Information Economy, Society and Polity.
Types of E-Commerce
business-to-business (B2B);
business-to-consumer (B2C);
business-to-government (B2G);
consumer-to-consumer (C2C);and
mobile commerce (m-commerce).
Main Segments of the ICT Sector
Hardware industries
Communications equipment production
Software and other services industries
Communication services industries
ICT Hardware Industries
ICT hardware industries, including production of computers and equipment, magnetic and optical recording media, electron tubes, printed circuit boards, semiconductors, passive electronic components, industrial instruments for measurement, instruments for measuring electricity, laboratory analytical instruments and calculating and office machines, as well as wholesale and retail trade in computers and equipment.
Communications Equipment
Communications equipment production, including production of household audio and video equipment, telephone and telegraph equipment, and radio and TV communications equipment.
Software and Other Services Industries
Software and other services industries, including software development and engineering, prepackaged software, wholesale and retail software trade, computer-integrated system design, computer processing, data preparation, information retrieval services, computer services management, computer sales, rental and leasing, computer maintenance and repair and other computer related services.
Communication Services
Communication services industries including networks and security, system administration and support, database development and administration, user support and help desk, graphics and multimedia, instruction and training, hardware engineering, smart cards, telephone and telegraph communications.
Growth Impact of the ICT Revolution
exceptionally sharp fall in the relative prices of goods
Diffusion of ICT is occurring more quickly in developing economies than previous technologies
ICT and E-commerce can boost economic growth through…
increasing productivity in the ICT producing sector itself through large scale manufacture of more powerful ICT equipment with little increase in inputs
Increasing productivity from ICT through growing investment in ICT capital goods
increasing productivity in ICT using industries due to increasing returns from ICT use, spillovers from network economies, availability of timely information to manage complex production chains, more efficient distribution systems, effective management of risks, lower search and transactions costs, and enabling firms to exchange and access more information
Implications to a Country
National Development
Industrialization
Economic
Social
Political
Technological
International Relations
ICT is not an end in itself
It is a tool to empower people and communities to
become self-sufficient in meeting their basic needs
Help people reach their full potential
Access to information – critical for change and empowerment
Advantage of ICT
Access to information for private and professional decision making: ICTs expand the range of choices and opportunities by facilitating greater access to economic, educational and development related information
Geography and distance become less of a consideration with ICTs. Research is much easier with ICTs and the Internet especially
Access to opportunities: ICTs empower individuals, businesses and especially SMEs, local and community groups, women and marginalized or disenfranchised people or groups to do what they do, only better. With ICTs and the capacity to use ICTs, these groups can access the same information that government and large corporations use. Access to information can contribute to
leveling the playing field by increasing participation in economic and human development activities and in those applications that depend on information such as markets
Greater ability to learn: distance learning
Greater environmental awareness: information about the weather and the environment in general is more readily available. This information can help to predict and prepare or environmental perturbations and catastrophes.
More awareness of factors affecting individual well being
Greater ability to influence and participate in decision making
Transaction processing: ICTs speed up and ease transactions of all types, and are especially important for business and government transactions
Trade: ICTs enhance and facilitate trade. ICTs make markets more efficient. Commerce is enabled and extended. All markets have the potential of being international or of being selective, depending on the case
Emergence of New Activities
Online outsourcing of services
Production of different types of ICT goods
These activities enable countries, including developing ones, to diversify their economies, enhance their export competitiveness and produce high value- added services that boost the local economy.
Impact on Firms and Industries
increased information flows, which result in knowledge transfer as well as improved organization.
In particular, ICT have become important tools for improving productive capacity and increasing international competitiveness by
reducing the transaction costs involved in the production and exchange of goods and services,
increasing the efficiency of management functions, and
enabling firms to exchange and access more information.
ICT cannot substitute for human intervention, for example, in the creation of business relationships
Telecommunication:
‘Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems’
- Extract from Annex to ITU Constitution
ICT
Internet
Technologies
Telecommunication
IT-Computers
Broadcasting
Regulations
Policies
Administration
Why ICT Is So Important, Today ?
Beauty of ICT is various applications and opportunities for “socioeconomic development”.
But, such various ICT applications and opportunities won’t be able to be achieved without reliable and affordable ICT infrastructure – I.e., access to the ICT.
What is ‘access’ to ICT?
Access to ICT means the making available of facilities/and or services, to another undertaking, under defined conditions, on either an exclusive or non-exclusive basis, for the purpose of providing electronic communications services. It covers, inter alia;
• Access to network elements and associated facilities and services, • Access to physical infrastructure, software systems
• Access to number translation systems,
• Access to mobile networks, for roaming • Access to conditional access systems for digital television services &
• Access to Internet
Universal access
Universal access relates to the number of people in a country covered by information and communication technologies, to which end the necessary infrastructure is required for the provision of the various services which constitute these new technologies. Universal access may be guaranteed in various ways, one being through public Internet access centers.
Public Internet access center
Definition
A public Internet access centre (PIAC) is a site, location, center of instruction at which Internet access is made available to the public, on a full-time or part-time basis. This may include digital community centers, Internet cafés, libraries, education centers and other similar establishments, whenever they offer Internet access to the general public. All such centers should have at least one public computer for Internet access.
.
INDICATORS
Number of localities with PIACs
This is the number of localities with PIACs. This indicator should be given by number or range of inhabitants. Also, governmental and private PIACs should be identified, with both absolute and relative values.
Users
Whereas the number of households with access to ICTs and ICT coverage reveal the number of potential users of the technologies, we have to count the actual number of users.
Number of Internet users through PIACs
This is the number of people who use the Internet from PIACs, taking into account the technical records used in the different surveys. The data should at least show the age of the users and the frequency with which they use the service, for better international comparison.
Despite the wide range of benefits that can be brought about by ICT, the development and adoption of ICT by developing countries have so far been limited. Reasons for this have been amply documented. They include:
Lack of awareness of what ICT could offer,
Insufficient telecommunications infrastructure and Internet connectivity,
Expensive Internet access,
Low income levels
Absence of adequate legal and regulatory frameworks,
Shortage of requisite human capacity,
Low literacy rates
Failure to use local language and content
Lack of entrepreneurship and a business culture open to change,
Transparency and democracy;
Lack of payment systems that can support online transactions
Cultural resistance to online trade
E-business and E-market place
• High end application of ICT
– E Commerce = the application of transactions through electronic means
– E-business = the application of ICT as a fully integrated business tool in all facets of Porters’ business model.
– E market place = An Internet system maintained by a company or a consortium that allows individuals or companies to offer products and services or make bids to buy products or services.
Obstacles to ICT deployment
• Low awareness and skill in ICT.
– Leads to low priority.
• Limited investment power.
• Running costs (incl. telecoms and VAT)
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Regulatory environment
– Import/export regulations
– Exchange rates
– Tax
– In transparency, inconsistency, graft
What Can Government/We Do?
To stimulate ICT deployment:
• Stimulate formal and informal learning
– Increase ICT literacy and professionalism
• Stimulate professional learning
– Encourage international certification.
• Increase awareness and use of ICT in (State Owned) Enterprises.
• Incentives for IT investment.
– On business level
– On citizen level
PREREQUISITES
• Institution Administrator’s mindset
– E-Commerce must provide competitive edge and lead to increased profits.
– Company must understand importance of a trustworthy reputation.
– Company must be aware of the resources required to implement E-Commerce.
• Parent/student mindset
– Needs to trust the Institution.
– Needs to trust the technology.
– Needs to trust the delivery and payment procedure.
– Needs to trust the product or service.
– Needs to trust business processes in the country
Attributes of information
• Dissemination of information should be
– On Time
– Accurately
– Complete
– Relevant
– Up to Date
– Easy to digest
– Easy to find
– Variety of media
– Leads to low priority.
• Limited investment power.
• Running costs (incl. telecoms and VAT)
• Inadequate infrastructure.
• Regulatory environment
– Import/export regulations
– Exchange rates
– Tax
– In transparency, inconsistency, graft
What Can Government/We Do?
To stimulate ICT deployment:
• Stimulate formal and informal learning
– Increase ICT literacy and professionalism
• Stimulate professional learning
– Encourage international certification.
• Increase awareness and use of ICT in (State Owned) Enterprises.
• Incentives for IT investment.
– On business level
– On citizen level
PREREQUISITES
• Institution Administrator’s mindset
– E-Commerce must provide competitive edge and lead to increased profits.
– Company must understand importance of a trustworthy reputation.
– Company must be aware of the resources required to implement E-Commerce.
• Parent/student mindset
– Needs to trust the Institution.
– Needs to trust the technology.
– Needs to trust the delivery and payment procedure.
– Needs to trust the product or service.
– Needs to trust business processes in the country
Attributes of information
• Dissemination of information should be
– On Time
– Accurately
– Complete
– Relevant
– Up to Date
– Easy to digest
– Easy to find
– Variety of media
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